
But for some nations, improved attribution detection offers no deterrence. In the past, nation-state actors observed some semblance of respectful decorum, if you can call it that, limiting attacks that they knew could be traced to them. If there ever even were any guardrails for international cyberespionage, they’ve fallen away. But what’s really terrifying may be yet to come: Russia’s elite Fancy Bear hacking group - which is allegedly connected to the Russian government's GRU intelligence arm - has recently developed a novel and incredibly destructive UEFI rootkit, a tool of cyberterror that Brian Barrett of Wired notes “ hadn’t ever been seen in the wild until now.”

For instance, to the extent that Russian government involvement has been questioned, there is little doubt that Russian state-sponsored hackers actively interfered in the 2016 U.S.

In Russia, the state has embraced a well-publicized-in-the-West “ information confrontation” strategy.
